![]() ![]() These factors made tall buildings both practical and possible. The new form of the skyscraper exemplifies a significant stage in human history, when rising urban economic values and increases in the scale of land use and development converged with the development of the technique of skeletal structural framing, the concurrent perfection of elevators and technologies such as electric lights, plumbing and heating. ![]() Sullivan, William Le Baron Jenney, John Wellborn Root, Martin Roche and Charles Atwood, the first modern skyscrapers in Chicago emerged as a novel engineering and architectural form.Ĭriterion (iv): Chicago’s pioneering tall buildings from the turn of the 20 th century form an outstanding architectural and technological ensemble of artifacts of the “second industrial revolution,” which saw new production techniques, engineering methods, and power sources combine to create new functional types in many fields. In the hands of creative designers such as Louis H. As these problems were being solved by engineers and builders, architects found inspiration in the new proportions and forms suggested by narrow steel columns and beams, leading to dramatically new building forms through an approach that sought architectural beauty in the discipline and rigor of engineering and construction efficiencies. These were solved with brilliant engineering solutions such as the rigid frame, cutting-edge contruction techniques such as riveted connections, innovations in foundations, and terra cotta fireproofing. Replacing brick and stone structures with iron and steel posed a suite of new problems, especially fire resistance and wind bracing. The buildings that remain from this period form an important group unified by location, time and innovators and also make Chicago distinct, in the coherence in this form, from other American cities of the same period that are home to some individually important buildings of this type.Ĭriterion (i): These pioneering Chicago commercial and office skyscrapers demonstrate the rapid and successful application of new technologies – especially steel fabrication and construction – to achieve unprecedented height, efficiency of construction and use in urban architecture, and show a remarkable integration of art and technology. The concentration of a large number of these buildings in the Loop, the result of an intense period of construction, illustrates the first emergence of the 20 th-century city, with a city center quite novel in form and scale. The form and style that emerged in these buildings, known initially as the Commercial Style and later as the Chicago Style, or the Chicago School of Architecture, exhibit an exceptional synthesis of technical and design inventiveness, a decisive innovation in modern architecture that has forever changed the form of commercial buildings and the cities they make up. This group of buildings includes very early, technically innovative, and architecturally expressive examples of a new typology of construction, the modern tall buildings, or “skyscraper.” The form’s emergence in significant numbers in Chicago in the late 19 th and early 20 th century was spurred by a fortuitous convergence of the availability of new materials and technologies, rapid urban growth, and the opportunity to rebuild Chicago’s downtown following the Great Fire of 1871. Justification of Outstanding Universal Value Schlesinger & Mayer Building 16TN 447950 4636824Ī small number of additional buildings may also be considered for the series in the course of developing a nomination dossier. ![]() Sullivan, William Le Baron Jenney, John Wellborn Root, Charles Atwood and Martin Roche, simultaneously developed a new aesthetic for the building exteriors suited to this new form, consisting of a vertical, tripartite form derived from classical columns and expresing the internal structure and functions of the buildings. The architects active in designing these buildings, including Louis H. This is a serial proposal of 9 primarily commercial buildings in Chicago’s central business district, the “Loop.” The buildings, built over a period of about 20 years starting in the 1880s, exemplify the first generation of “skyscrapers.” Making use of new technologies of the time, particularly internal metal structural systems instead of load-bearing masonry walls, they were able to rise to heights of near 20 stories with large plate-glass windows, the first elevators (lifts) to reach the high floors, and electric lights to make interior spaces usable.
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